Although a 25% reduction in shear strength was measured, the improved electrical conductivity of the interlaminar region extends the potential applications of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Comparatively, heat treatment of graphene enhanced samples (~ 1 wt%) reduced void content from 5.1 vol% to 2.8 vol%. ![]() Heat treatment of the Control sample successfully reduced void content from 4.2 vol% to 0.4 vol%, resulting in a 149% increase in compressive shear strength. ![]() Conductive-AFM measurements observed an increase in conductive network density in the interlaminar region after the removal of surfactant from the thin film. Spectral data concluded the graphene was 3–4 layered with predominantly edge defects suggesting high quality graphene suitable for electrical enhancement. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterise the chemical quality of the consolidated graphene interlayer. The SEM images, contact angle, and surface roughness measurements correlated suggesting successful removal of excess surfactant and moisture with heat treatment. After heat treatment the roughness increased to 2.52 μm with an average contact angle of 82°. Graphene thin films deposited onto CF/PEEK prepreg tapes had an RMS roughness of 1.99 μm and an average contact angle of 11°. This work investigates the effect of heat treatment on graphene thin films spray deposited onto carbon fibre/polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) composites for reduced void content. The effects of residual surfactant and water from LPE on thin films for interlaminar prepreg composite enhancement remain unknown. Spray deposition of liquid phase exfoliated (LPE) aqueous graphene suspensions are highly scalable rapid manufacturing methods suitable to automated manufacturing processes. Mechanical tests proved that PEEK bionanocomposite foam has the potential for use in bone scaffolding and other biomedical applications.Graphene enhanced thermoplastic composites offer the possibility of conductive aerospace structures suitable for applications from electrostatic dissipation, to lightning strike protection and heat dissipation. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) test results reveal that pore size and interconnectivity of the nanocomposite foams are in order and within the designed sizes. About 186% enhancement of compression modulus and 43% enhancement of yield strength were observed while incorporating only 0.5 wt% of CNTs into PEEK/HA bionanocomposites having 75% porosity, compared to PEEK/HA 20 wt% bionanocomposites. Compression test results of the fabricated bionanocomposites showed that HA and carbon particles are the potential filler materials for the enhancement of bionanocomposite mechanical properties. Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly dispersed into the PEEK powder before melt casting to enhance the mechanical properties and to observe the influence of the carbon particles on the properties of PEEK bionanocomposite foam. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbon particles were used to improve cell attachments and interactions with the porous PEEK and to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold materials. Porosity (75% and 85%) of the prepared scaffolds was adjusted by changing salt concentrations in the PEEK powder. Melt casting and salt porogen (200-500 m size) leaching methods were adapted to create an adequate pore size and the necessary percent of porosity, because pore size plays a vital role in cell implantation and growth. In this research, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was used to fabricate highly porous bionanocomposite foams for bone scaffolding. Uses of different materials and scaffold fabrication techniques have been explored over the past 20 years. Bone regeneration can be achieved by several materials and templates manufactured through various fabrication techniques. ![]() Abstract : Bone regeneration is of great importance worldwide, because of various bone diseases, such as infections, tumors, and resultant fracture, birth defects, and bone loss due to trauma, explosion, or accident.
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